Inhalt

Konstruktion Industrie
The Practical Guide to Surface Science (2026)

?s=100&d=m
Geschrieben von
No biography added yet.
Weiterlesen
?s=100&d=m
Reviewed by
N/A
No biography added yet.
Weiterlesen
?s=100&d=m
Written By

No biography added yet.

?s=100&d=m
Bewertet von

N/A N/A

No biography added yet.

This is a practical guide to Surface Science for researchers working in the Construction Industry.

In diesem brandneuen Leitfaden erfährst du alles über:

  • Entscheidende Prinzipien der Oberflächenforschung
  • The significance of surface science measurements for the Construction industry
  • Anwendbare ASTM-Normen und -Richtlinien

Lassen Sie uns gleich eintauchen.

construction

Executive Summary

What it covers: A practical surface-science playbook for construction researchers, explaining why surface properties matter for concrete and how to measure contact angle, surface tension (including dynamic), surface energy, and sliding angle to improve materials and coatings. It connects these measurements to real construction problems like corrosion risk, waterproofing, adhesion, and slip safety.
Key insights: Real construction surfaces rarely have a single “true” contact angle, so advancing/receding angles (hysteresis) provide a more complete picture of spreading, removability, cleanliness, roughness, and homogeneity than a single static value. Young–Laplace fitting is typically more consistent but prefers axisymmetric drops, while polynomial fits tolerate non-axisymmetry yet can be more sensitive to local imperfections; dynamic surface tension is critical when interfaces change fast (droplets/bubbles, foams, drying paints).
Business value: These measurements help engineers design lower-maintenance, higher-performance surfaces—e.g., self-cleaning solar panels via higher contact angle, better waterproofing via low-surface-tension membranes, and safer walkways via superhydrophobic/low-sliding-angle surfaces. They also reduce coating and bonding failures (steel–concrete composites, paint/pretreatments) by detecting incompatibility, contamination, and process drift before costly rework.
Standards to follow: EN 828:2013 outlines a repeatable method for assessing wettability and estimating surface free energy from static contact angles using one or more probe liquids to support bonding/coating readiness decisions. Follow its reporting discipline (substrate condition and time history, probe liquids/properties, droplet method/timepoint, replication and exclusions, and the SFE model/software used) and set acceptance thresholds only after correlating to your own bond-strength tests.
Bottom line: Surface science turns wetting, adhesion, waterproofing, and slip resistance from trial-and-error into measurable, controllable design inputs for modern construction materials. Use dynamic metrics when real surfaces and fast-changing interfaces demand them, and anchor QC decisions to EN 828-style documentation for reproducible, defensible results.

Kapitel 1: Einführung

Concrete is the most widely used material in the global construction industry. It is cost-effective, offers high compressive strength, is durable, has a relatively simple production process, and requires minimal maintenance. Despite these advantages, concrete has a hydrophilic, porous structure that can pose challenges during construction. One major issue is the corrosion of steel reinforcement due to concrete’s water absorption, which reduces the lifespan of concrete structures. Additionally, there is a growing demand for intelligent, resilient, and sustainable buildings and infrastructures that focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To meet these demands, new concrete materials such as low carbon footprint cement, self-compacting concrete, self-healing and self-sensing concrete, and superhydrophobic cementitious materials with self-cleaning capabilities have been developed. Modifying surface properties plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of traditional concrete and in creating this new class of advanced materials.

We use the following surface properties to understand the behavior of Construction products and improve their quality.

Kapitel 2: Kontaktwinkelmessung

Der Kontaktwinkel quantifiziert die Benetzbarkeit einer Oberfläche, indem er den Winkel zwischen der Oberfläche einer Flüssigkeit und einer festen Oberfläche darstellt.
Dropletlab-Forschung

Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer.

Young – Laplace-Methode

Polynomiale Methode

Dynamischer Kontaktwinkel

Ideally, when we place a drop on a solid surface, a unique angle exists between the liquid and the solid surface. We can calculate the value of this ideal contact angle (the so-called Young’s contact angle) using Young’s equation. In practice, due to surface geometry, roughness, heterogeneity, contamination, and deformation, the contact angle value on a surface is not necessarily a single consistent value but rather falls within a range. The upper and lower limits of this range are known as the advancing and receding contact angles, respectively. The values of advancing and receding contact angles for a solid surface are highly sensitive to many parameters, such as temperature, humidity, homogeneity, and minor contamination of the surface and liquid. For example, the advancing and receding contact angles of a surface can differ at different locations.

Dynamischer Kontaktwinkel versus statischer Kontaktwinkel

Praktische Oberflächen und Beschichtungen weisen von Natur aus eine Kontaktwinkelhysterese auf, die auf eine Reihe von Gleichgewichtswerten hinweist. Wenn wir statische Kontaktwinkel messen, erhalten wir einen einzigen Wert innerhalb dieses Bereichs. Sich ausschließlich auf statische Messungen zu verlassen, wirft Probleme auf, wie z. B. schlechte Wiederholgenauigkeit und unvollständige Oberflächenbewertung in Bezug auf Haftung, Sauberkeit, Rauheit und Homogenität.

In practical applications, we need to understand how easily a liquid spreads (advancing angle) and how easily it is removed (receding angle), such as in painting and cleaning. Measuring advancing and receding angles offers a holistic view of liquid-solid interaction, unlike static measurements, which yield an arbitrary value within the range.

Diese Erkenntnisse sind entscheidend für reale Oberflächen mit Variationen, Rauheit und Dynamik und helfen Branchen wie Kosmetik, Materialwissenschaft und Biotechnologie bei der Gestaltung effektiver Oberflächen und der Optimierung von Prozessen.

Erfahren Sie, wie die Kontaktwinkelmessung mit unserem Tensiometer durchgeführt wird

Für ein vollständigeres Verständnis der Kontaktwinkelmessung lesen Sie unsere Kontaktwinkelmessung: Der endgültige Leitfaden

Open Benchmark Data: Contact Angle & Surface Energy

These reference measurements show how deionized water wets four standard substrates measured with the Droplet Lab Dropometer. Use them as visual and numerical benchmarks when you're checking your own sample preparation, treatments, and chemistry.

Full contact angle and surface energy datasets (including additional liquids and statistics) are available on our dataset hub.

Glass - DI Water
Glass - DI Water
Nylon - DI Water
Nylon - DI Water
PMMA - DI Water
PMMA - DI Water
Teflon - DI Water
Teflon - DI Water

The droplet images above are taken from the same benchmark series as our open dataset. For each substrate and probe liquid we report:

● Advancing and receding contact angles (and hysteresis)
● Derived surface energy (SFE) values based on multi-liquid measurements
● Measurement conditions, uncertainties, and sample preparation details

Comparing your own droplet shapes and angles against these references is a fast way to spot contamination, treatment drift, or unexpected changes in wettability.

Kapitel 3: Messung der Oberflächenspannung

Diese Eigenschaft misst die Kraft, die auf die Oberfläche einer Flüssigkeit wirkt, mit dem Ziel, ihre Oberfläche zu minimieren.

Messung der Oberflächenspannung

Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer

Dynamische Oberflächenspannung

Die dynamische Oberflächenspannung unterscheidet sich von der statischen Oberflächenspannung, die sich auf die Oberflächenenergie pro Flächeneinheit (oder die Kraft, die pro Längeneinheit entlang des Randes einer flüssigen Oberfläche wirkt) bezieht.

Die statische Oberflächenspannung charakterisiert den Gleichgewichtszustand der Grenzfläche von Flüssigkeiten, während die dynamische Oberflächenspannung die Kinetik von Änderungen an der Grenzfläche berücksichtigt. Diese Veränderungen können das Vorhandensein von Tensiden, Additiven oder Schwankungen in Temperatur, Druck und Zusammensetzung an der Grenzfläche beinhalten.

Wann sollte die dynamische Oberflächenspannungsmessung verwendet werden?

Dynamic surface tension is essential for processes that involve rapid changes at the liquid-gas or liquid-liquid interface, such as droplet and bubble formation, coalescence (change in surface area), the behavior of foams, and the drying of paints (change in composition, e.g., evaporation of solvent). It is measured by analyzing the shape of a hanging droplet over time.

Die dynamische Oberflächenspannung gilt für verschiedene Branchen, darunter Kosmetika, Beschichtungen, Pharmazeutika, Farben, Lebensmittel und Getränke sowie industrielle Prozesse, in denen das Verständnis und die Kontrolle des Verhaltens von Flüssigkeitsgrenzflächen für die Produktqualität und Prozesseffizienz unerlässlich ist.

Erfahren Sie, wie die Messung der Oberflächenspannung mit unserem Tensiometer durchgeführt wird

Für ein vollständigeres Verständnis der Oberflächenenergiemessung lesen Sie unsere Oberflächenspannungsmessung: Der endgültige Leitfaden

Kapitel 4: Messung der Oberflächenenergie

Die Oberflächenenergie bezieht sich auf die Energie, die erforderlich ist, um eine Flächeneinheit einer neuen Oberfläche zu erzeugen.
231

Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer

Erfahren Sie, wie die Messung der Oberflächenenergie mit unserem Tensiometer durchgeführt wird

Für ein umfassenderes Verständnis der Oberflächenenergiemessung lesen Sie unsere Oberflächenenergiemessung: Der ultimative Leitfaden

For benchmark contact angle and surface energy values on glass, nylon, PMMA, and Teflon, see the Open Benchmark Data panel above or visit our Dataset Hub for full CSV downloads.

Kapitel 5: Gleitwinkelmessung

Der Gleitwinkel misst den Winkel, in dem ein flüssiger Film über eine feste Oberfläche gleitet. Es wird häufig verwendet, um die Rutschhemmung einer Oberfläche zu beurteilen.

Gleitwinkel 1

Sample Image taken from Droplet Lab Tensiometer

Erfahren Sie, wie die Gleitwinkelmessung mit unserem Tensiometer durchgeführt wird

Für ein umfassenderes Verständnis der Gleitwinkelmessung lesen Sie unsere Gleitwinkelmessung: Der endgültige Leitfaden

Kapitel 6: Anwendungen in der Praxis

Within the Construction industry, several case studies exemplify the advantages of conducting surface property measurements.

Deterioration of Solar Panels on a Rooftop

Herausforderung : Dust and pollution accumulated on the solar panels of a commercial building, reducing their energy generation efficiency.

Lösung : Applying a hydrophobic and oleophobic coating to the solar panels increased the contact angle, causing rainwater to bead up and carry away dust and pollutants. This self-cleaning effect improved energy generation efficiency and reduced maintenance costs.

Deterioration of Solar Panels on a Rooftop

Wasserleckage in Tiefgaragen

Herausforderung : Das Austreten von Wasser in einer Tiefgarage führte zu Fahrzeugschäden und einer Verschlechterung der Struktur.

Lösung : Auf die Betonoberflächen wurde eine Abdichtungsbahn mit geringer Oberflächenspannung aufgebracht. Diese Membran sorgte für eine effektive Wasserabweisung, verhinderte das Eindringen von Wasser und bewahrte die Integrität des Parkhauses, während gleichzeitig die Fahrzeuge geschützt wurden.

Wasserleckage in Tiefgaragen

Slippery Pedestrian Walkways in a Shopping Mall

Herausforderung : Slippery pedestrian walkways in a shopping mall led to slip and fall accidents during rainy weather.

Lösung : The mall management installed textured, slip-resistant tiles with superhydrophobic surfaces. These tiles, characterized by a water static contact angle above 150° and a sliding angle below 10°, provided better traction even when wet, significantly reducing slip and fall incidents. This increased safety for shoppers and employees and decreased the mall's liability for accidents.

Slippery Pedestrian Walkways in a Shopping Mall

Adhesion Problems in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures

Herausforderung : Engineers faced adhesion problems between the steel and concrete components in a steel-concrete composite structure due to incompatible surface energies.

Lösung : The engineering team applied a bonding agent to the steel beams to modify their surface energy. This agent enhanced compatibility between the steel and concrete, resulting in a robust bond. The composite structure exhibited improved load-bearing capacity and durability, ensuring the building's safety and longevity.

Adhesion Problems in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures

Paint Adhesion Issues on Metal Components

Herausforderung : An automotive assembly plant experienced paint adhesion problems on metal components, leading to defects and reduced vehicle durability.

Lösung : The engineering team improved paint adhesion by selecting a suitable metal pretreatment process. They tested various processes and chose plasma cleaning, which had the lowest surface tension. This solution ensured a durable, long-lasting finish on the vehicles.

Paint Adhesion Issues on Metal Components

Wir sind Ihre Partner bei der Lösung Ihrer geschäftlichen und technologischen Probleme herausforderungen

Wenn Sie an der Implementierung dieser oder anderer Anwendungen interessiert sind, kontaktieren Sie uns bitte.

Kapitel 7: Normen und Richtlinien

In an industry where precision reigns supreme, how can Construction manufacturers ensure their products withstand scrutiny? The answer lies in standards and guidelines: the compass that guides them through the complex maze of quality and performance.

EN 828:2013 — Adhesives — Wettability by Contact Angle (Surface Free Energy of Solid Surfaces)

What it is

European standard method to determine a solid surface’s wettability and surface free energy (or critical surface tension) by measuring static contact angles of one or more probe liquids on a plane test surface. The resulting metrics support predictions of adhesive wet-out and help characterize surfaces before pretreatment, coating, or bonding.

When to use it

Ready-to-bond screening (before bond-strength testing):

Use contact angle + surface free energy to quickly flag low-wet-out substrates (metals, plastics, glass, coated parts) before you spend time on full lap-shear/peel trials.

Pretreatment/cleaning process control & troubleshooting:

Use repeatable, multi-liquid measurements to detect contamination, treatment drift (plasma/corona/flame/primer), and surface aging/recovery that can drive adhesion failures.

In-scope / Out-of-scope

In scope
  • Static sessile-drop contact angle measurements on plane test pieces/coupons with statistical interpretation across replicates.
  • Multi-liquid surface free energy determination using a documented model and known liquid properties (commonly ≥3 and up to 8 probe liquids).
  • Uniformity/heterogeneity assessment via spot-to-spot and drop-to-drop variability (useful for contamination streaks or non-uniform activation).
  • QC-style execution on contact-angle goniometers with suitable measurement range and SFE modeling software (e.g., Dropometer-style workflows that support common SFE models such as Equation-of-State, Fowkes, and Oss–Good).
Out of scope
  • Direct bond strength / durability testing (lap shear, peel, wedge, fatigue, environmental aging) — these require separate mechanical test standards.
  • Universal pass/fail criteria for “good bonding” — EN 828 provides the method, not a single acceptance threshold that applies to all adhesive systems.
  • Dynamic wetting methods (advancing/receding angles, hysteresis) unless you apply other standards specifically covering dynamic angles.
  • Identifying surface chemistry/roughness root cause directly (e.g., spectroscopy, profilometry) — EN 828 reports wettability outcomes, not chemical composition.

Minimum you must report (checklist)

  • Substrate description: material, finish (and roughness class if known), coating/primer details, and any surface-treatment method used.
  • Time history: time from cleaning/pretreatment to measurement (and time to bonding if this is a release gate).
  • Probe liquids: identity and count of liquids used, plus the liquid property values used in the SFE calculation.
  • Measurement method: sessile-drop static geometry, droplet volume, and the fixed timestamp used to record θ.
  • Replication plan: number of drops per liquid and the number/locations of measurement spots (map/grid).
  • Contact angle results per liquid: median θ plus a spread metric (IQR or SD), including the number of valid drops used.
  • Data-quality/exclusions: your rule for rejecting droplets (e.g., poor edge/baseline fit, non-axisymmetric drops, obvious contamination) and how many were rejected.
  • Surface free energy result: total SFE (and component terms if used), the specific model used, and the instrument/software version used to compute it.

Note: EN 828 tells you how to measure and calculate wettability/SFE, but it does not define universal “good bonding” thresholds—your limits must be calibrated to your adhesive + substrate + pretreatment and validated against bond tests. Roughness and chemical non-uniformity can bias static angles, so consistent surface prep, replication, and drop-quality QC are essential.

How to interpret results (guardrails)

  • Lower θ at the fixed timepoint generally means better wetting by that probe liquid, but interpret results primarily relative to your validated “golden” reference surface and your internal control limits.
  • High scatter is a first-class signal: large drop-to-drop or spot-to-spot spread often indicates contamination, non-uniform activation, or heterogeneity—don’t average it away; investigate and map it.
  • SFE is best used as a controlled comparative metric: it’s reliable for trending (before/after treatment, lot-to-lot control) only when the liquid set and model are locked in your SOP.
  • Do not treat θ or SFE as a direct bond-strength guarantee: confirm with representative bond tests and track failure mode (adhesive vs cohesive vs interfacial) to set/maintain Green/Yellow/Red release gates.

Jetzt sind Sie an der Reihe

We hope this guide showed you how to apply surface science in the Construction industry.

Nun möchten wir das Wort an Sie übergeben:

Feel free to leave a comment below—we’d love to hear from you.

Hinterlasse eine Antwort

Deine E-Mail-Adresse wird nicht veröffentlicht. Pflichtfelder sind markiert *


Experiment herunterladen