The Droplet Lab goniometer (referred to in the paper as a Droplet Smart Tech Inc. sessile contact angle system) was used to measure water contact angle as a direct indicator of membrane surface wettability/hydrophilicity—a key surface property linked to fouling propensity and cleaning effectiveness.
- The study used a sessile drop contact angle method with a 3 µL water droplet, performed in triplicate on both mixed liquor and membrane samples (reporting averaged values).
- This type of workflow aligns with Droplet Lab capability for contact angle testing (e.g., 10°–175° range, 0.01° resolution, 0.35° accuracy) and supports small-droplet dosing capability (minimum drop volume with automatic dosing 0.05 µL).










